Transición y construcción de la paternidad / Transition and construction of fatherhood

Algunos hechos históricos trajeron aparejadas consecuencias sociales y psicológicas que llevaron a replantear las funciones de los padres. Esto llevó a que las investigaciones centraran su interés en estudiar qué le ocurría al padre ante su paternidad. Por lo tanto el trabajo que se informa tuvo como objetivo realizar una revisión bibliográfica relacionada con la transición de la paternidad. En el mismo se pueden evidenciar diversas investigaciones que dan cuenta de distintos procesos emocionales que atraviesa el padre y cómo estos influyen en la relación con su familia de origen, pareja e hijo. Se observó que factores tales como la relación matrimonial, las demandas de trabajo, las relaciones tempranas con su familia de origen influyen en la construcción de la identidad paterna. Los estudios revisados destacan la importancia de entender qué le ocurre al padre durante ese período, ya que como lo viva incidirá en la relación con su hijo.

For decades, the researchers agreed that the father's role was just being an economic provider and he was considered secondary in the function of parenting. Thus, most of studies focused in the mother's psychological processes through the pregnancy, childbirth and postpartum, letting of father's role side out. However, according with historical changes as French revolution, industrial revolution and the both world wars, the psychologists throw their interest into know which the father role is and how he influences in the psychological development of their children. One of the first psychologists to study the role of the father was S. Freud, he thinks that father's role was to distance the mom to their son; the father represents authority, rules, law, order, the opening to the world. In this theory, the interaction between father and son begin around 2 years of the child. Later this theory was refused for different psychologist who found that the father's early involvement has a positive impact on the development of their children. From the 70's the interest was to know how is the man's psychological change that became a father, and how the transition to the construction of parenthood is. As the research progressed, the researchers discovered that the parents during the pregnancy of his wife manifested the need to feel included in this process. So, the psychologists began to ask questions about what happen to the father in childbirth? Greenberg and Morris (1974) think that the childbirth is the most intensive moment in an emotional level to build the parenthood, so they start to study the emotions and concluded that there is a stage called: engrossment, it is about a father's innate potential and it develop with the childbirth. Based on these theories the aim of this research is make a bibliographic review to better understand the father's transition, including researches that explained different father's emotional processes and how this emotional processes influence in the relationship with his family of origin, his couple and his sons. The method used was a bibliographic search in the databases: PubMed, Redalyc, Scielo, MEDLINE, EBSCO, and APA, from 1970 to date. We found 150 articles and books. After a first reading 63 articles were not included because it did not meet with the criteria. Finally, we included 89 articles and books for this review. This studies shows that the transition to paternity is a multidimensional process in terms of individual, partner, work, family of origin, among others. This means that the father goes through a process of transition, in which: his history as a child, the relationship with his partner and his current situation play an important role in the development of his paternal identity. Researches highlights the importance of understanding what happens to the father during his transition, as the way he crosses it affects the relationship with his son or daughter. Thus the fatherhood is not just a biological act, but there are some factors that join in for construction and organize the fatherhood (Palkovitz & Palm, 2009). Like the mother, a father has a vital and evolutionary crisis; in this period interact his personal history, personality, currently situation, relationships and baby´s characteristics (Nieri, 2015; Oiberman, 2008). Know these studies allow understand and explains the father's affective process through the fatherhood, and how the father develops a meaning about his new state is and what the consequences are. Also, previous bibliography shows evidence to the necessity to understand what is happening and how this influence in his relationship with his wife and baby (Habib & Lancaster, 2010; Moreno-Rosset et al., 2016).

Relación entre la sensibilidad paterna y los estilos de apego, la personalidad y la capacidad empática, según variables sociodemográficas / Relationship between parental sensitivity and attachment styles, personality and empathie capacity, according to sociodemographic variables

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue comprobar si existe relación entre la sensibilidad paterna y los estilos de apego, los rasgos de personalidad y la capacidad empática, según variables sociodemográficas. Participaron 118 sujetos adultos hombres de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina cuyo rango de edad osciló entre 18 y 50 años (M= 33.80; DE = 5.644). Los instrumentos que se utilizaron fueron: Cuestionario de Sensibilidad Paterna, Big Five Inventory, Índice de Reactividad Interpersonal y el Cuestionario sobre relaciones. Los resultados demuestran que existe relación entre la sensibilidad del padre, los estilos de apego (seguro, evitativo, preocupado y temeroso); los rasgos de personalidad (extraversión, neuroticismo y agradabilidad); y la capacidad empática (toma de perspectiva, malestar personal y preocupación empática). De igual manera, se encontró correlación entre las escalas mencionadas anteriormente y las variables sociodemográficas tales como: edad del padre, edad del hijo, situación civil, situación laboral, cantidad de hijos y nivel de estudios paternos. Finalmente, los padres están que dispuestos a participar en todo lo relacionado al cuidado de su familia, no tienen miedo a establecer relaciones íntimas con los otros.

Abstract The aim of the present study was to determine the correlation between parental sensitivity and attachment styles, personality traits and empathy, according to sociodemographic variables. A representative sample of 118 male adults of Buenos Aires, Argentina between 18 and 50 years (M = 33.80, SD = 5,644) participated in the study. The instruments used were: Paternity Sensitivity Questionnaire, Big Five Inventory, Interpersonal Reactivity Index Questionnaire and relationships. The results showed a relation between father's sensitivity, security styles such as avoidant, preoccupied and fearful attachment; personality traits (extraversion, neuroticism and agreeableness) and empathic capacity in the dimensions of perspective taking, empathic concern and personal distress. Results also showed a correlation between the scales mentioned and father's sensitivity and Father and child's age, civil status, employment status, number of children and parental level studies. In conclusion, male parents tend to participated in theirs family caring and are not afraid to establish intimate relationships with others.

Intervención paliativa desde la psicología perinatal / Palliative intervention from perinatal psychology

La psicología perinatal, es un nueva rama que pertenece a la psicología de la primera infancia, la misma abarca el embarazo, parto, puerperio y los primeros meses de vida del niño. Una de las modalidades de trabajo del psicólogo perinatal es acompañar la guardia de neonatología y obstetricia, es decir, que la modalidad de su trabajo es interdisciplinario. Es necesario considerar que el psicólogo perinatal opera bajo la metáfora de “psicólogo de trinchera” –es decir, que opera mientras suceden los hechos–, es por eso que debe tener flexibilidad teórica y práctica, ya que aborda diferentes situaciones. En relación a las investigaciones sobre los cuidados paliativos, se ha hallado poca teoría acerca de la función del psicólogo perinatal y el desarrollo de los mismos. Esto me llevo a plantear cuales son los pasos e intervenciones que debería hacer el psicólogo en estas situaciones. Es decir, que el objetivo de este trabajo es explicar qué son los cuidados paliativos y como se aplican estos conceptos en el campo de la psicología perinatal. Asimismo, se creará una guía para poder ilustrar los pasos realizados en este tipo de intervenciones.

Perinatal psychology is a new branch belonging to the psychology of early childhood; it covers pregnancy, childbirth, postpartum and early life of the child. One method of perinatal psychologist’s work is to accompany the guard neonatology and obstetrics, namely that the pattern of his work is interdisciplinary. It is necessary to consider the perinatal psychologist operates under the metaphor of “psychologist trenches” –that is, which operates the facts as they happen– that’s why we must have the flexibility theory and practice, addressing different situations. In relation to palliative care research, has found little theory about the role of perinatal psychologist and developing them. This brings me to what steps and interventions that a psychologist should do in these situations. This means that the objective of this paper is to explain what is palliative care, which is the neonatal bereavement and how they apply these concepts in the field of perinatal psychology. Also, the use of a case as an example, to illustrate the steps taken in this type of intervention.

Resultados preliminares de 7 provincias argentinas en el marco de una propuesta de Evaluación Nacional de la Inteligencia Sensoriomotriz a bebes de 6 a 30 meses / Preliminary results from 7 provinces of argentina within a proposition of a National Assessment of Sensory Motor Intelligence for argentinean babies of 6 to 30 months old

El objetivo es presentar los resultados preliminares de siete provincias argentinas correspondientes a una investigación que se enmarca en un proyecto UBACyT 2008-2010, cuyo título es "Evaluación Nacional de la Inteligencia Sensoriomotriz a bebés de 6 a 30 meses". El objetivo principal de dicha investigación es conocer las etapas del proceso de construcción de la inteligencia práctica en bebés argentinos en las distintas provincias de la Argentina y la elaboración de baremos a nivel nacional y por cada provincia, administrando la Escala Argentina de Inteligencia Sensoriomotriz (EAIS). La muestra se encuentra compuesta por 109 niños de las provincias de Santa Fe, Santa Cruz, Río Negro, Entre Ríos, Salta, Córdoba y Buenos Aires. En el análisis de los datos, se observó que el 67% de los niños evaluados obtuvieron resultados normales, 16.5% de riesgo y 3.7% de retraso. Es decir, el 20% de los niños evaluados obtuvieron resultados de riesgo y retraso.

The aim of this article is to present the preliminary results from seven provinces of Argentina within an investigation belonging to UBACyT 2008-2010, which title is "National assessment of the sensorymotor intelligence in babies of 6 to 30 months old". The main objective of the research is to assess the periods involved in the construction process of the practical intelligence in Argentinean babies from different provinces, as well as the elaboration of national and provincial percentiles, administrating the Argentinean scale of Sensorymotor intelligence (EAIS). The sample is composed by 109 babies from the Argentinean provinces of Santa Fe, Salta Cruz, Río Negro, Entre Ríos, Salta, Córdoba y Buenos Aires. In the analysis of the data, it was observed that 67% of the babies obtained normal results, 16.5% obtained results indicating risk and 3.7% delayed. In other words, 20% of the assessed babies obtained results indicating risk and delayed in the sensorymotor intelligence.